Medium
and high-voltage power cables, in circuits over 2000 volts, usually
have a shield layer of copper or aluminum tape or conducting polymer. If
an unshielded insulated cable is in contact with earth or a grounded
object, the electrostatic field around the conductor will be
concentrated at the contact point, resulting in corona discharge, and
eventual destruction of the insulation.
As well, leakage current and capacitive current through the insulation presents a danger of electrical shock. The grounded shield equalizes electrical stress around the conductor, diverts any leakage current to ground. Be sure to apply stress relief/ cones at the shield ends, especially for cables operating at more than 2Kv to earth.
Shields on power cables are connected to earth
ground at each shield end and at splices for redundancy to prevent shock
even though induced current will flow in the shield. This current will
produce losses and heating and will reduce the maximum current rating of
the circuit. Tests show that having a bare grounding conductor adjacent
to the insulated wires will conduct the fault current to earth quicker.
On high current circuits the shields might be connected only at one
end.On very long high-voltage circuits, the shield may be broken into several sections since a long shield run may rise to dangerous voltages during a circuit fault. However, the shock hazard of having only one end of the shield grounded must be evaluated for the risk!
Shielding of an electric power cable is accomplished by surrounding the assembly or insulation with a grounded, conducting medium. This confines the dielectric field to the inside of this shield.
Two distinct types of shields are used:
- Metallic
- Nonmetallic
The purposes of the insulation shield are to:
- Obtain symmetrical radial stress distribution with the insulation.
- Eliminate tangential and longitudinal stresses on the surface of the insulation.
- Exclude from the dielectric field those materials such as braids, tapes, and fillers that are not intended as insulation.
- Protect the cables from induced or direct aver-voltages. Shields do this by making the surge impedance uniform along the length of the cable and by helping to attenuate surge potentials.
Conductor Shielding
In cables rated over 2,000 volts, a conductor shield is required by industry standards. The purpose of the semiconducting, also called screening, material over the conductor is to provide a smooth cylinder rather than the relatively rough surface of a stranded conductor in order to reduce the stress concentration at the interface with the insulation. Conductor shielding has been used for cables with both laminar and extruded insulations.The materials used are either semiconducting materials or ones that have a high dielectric constant and are known as stress control materials. Both serve the same function of stress reduction.
Conductor shields for paper insulated cables are either carbon black tapes or metallized paper tapes. The conductor shielding materials were originally made of semiconducting tapes that were helically wrapped over the conductor. Present standards still permit such a tape over the conductor. This is done, especially on large conductors, in order to hold the strands together firmly during the application of the extruded semiconducting material that is now required for medium voltage cables.
Experience with cables that only had a semi conducting tape was not satisfactory, so the industry changed their requirements to call for an extruded layer over the conductor.
In extruded cables, this layer is now extruded directly over the conductor and is bonded to the insulation layer that is applied over this stress relief layer. It is extremely important that there be no voids or extraneous material between those two layers.
A water-impervious material can be incorporated as part of the conductor shield to prevent radial moisture transmission. This layer consists of a thin layer of aluminum or lead sandwiched between semiconducting material. A similar laminate may be used for an insulation shield for the same reason.
There is no definitive standard that describes the class of extrudable shielding materials known as “super smooth, super clean”. It is not usually practical to use a manufacturer’strade name or product number to describeany material. The term “super smooth, super clean” is the only way at this writing to describe a class of material that provides a higher quality cable thanan earlier version. This is only an academic issue since the older type of materials are no longer used for medium voltage cable construction by known suppliers. The point is that these newer materials have tremendously improved cable performance in laboratory evaluations.
Insulation Shielding For Medium-Voltage Cables
The insulation shield for a medium voltage cable is made up of two components:- Semiconducting or stress relief layer
- Metallic layer of tape or tap , drain wires, concentric neutral wires, or a metal tube.
Stress Relief Layer
The polymer layer used with exbuded cables has replaced the tapes shields that were used many years ago. This extruded layer is called the extruded insulation shield or screen. Its properties and compatibility requirements are similar to the conductor shield previously described except that standards require that the volume resistivity of this external layer be limited to 500 meter-ohms.The nonmetallic layer is directly over the insulation and the voltage stress at that interface is lower than at the conductor shield interface.. This outer layer is not required to be bonded for cables rated up to 35 kV. At voltages above that, it is strongly recommended that this layer be bonded to the insulation .
Since most users want this layer to be easily removable, the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies (AEIC) has established strip tension limits. Presently these limits are that a 1/2 inch wide strip cut parallel to the conductor peel off with a minimum of 6 pounds and a minimum of 24 pounds of force that is at a 90º angle to the insulation surface.
Metallic Shield
The metallic portion of the insulation shield or screen is necessary to provide a low resistance path for charging current to flow to ground. It is important to realize that the extruded shield materials will not survive a sustained current flow of more than a few milliamperes. These materials are capable of handing the small amounts of charging current, but cannot tolerate unbalanced or fault currents.The metallic component of the insulation shield system must be able to accommodate these higher currents. On the other hand, an excessive amount of metal in the shield of a single-conductor cable is costly in two ways. First, additional metal over the amount that is actually required increases the initial cost of the cable. Secondly, the greater the metal component of the insulation shield, the higher the shield losses that result h m the flow of current in the central conductor.
A sufficient amount of metal must be provided in the cable design to ensure that the cable will activate the back-up protection in the event of any cable fault over the life of that cable. There is also the concern for shield losses.
It therefore becomes essential that:
- The type of circuit interrupting equipment to be analyzed.What is the design and operational setting of the hse, recloser, or circuit breaker?
- What fault current will the cable encounter over its life?
- What shield losses can be tolerated? How many times is the shield to be grounded? Will there be shield breaks to prevent circulating currents?
Concentric Neutral Cables
When concentric neutral cables are specified, the concentric neutrals must be manufactured in accordance with ICEA standards. These wires must meet ASTM B3 for uncoated wires or B33 for coated wires.These wires are applied directly over the nonmetallic insulation shield with a lay of not less than six or more than ten times the diameter over the concentric wires.
Shielding Of Low Voltage Cables
Shielding
of low voltage cables is generally required where inductive
interference can be a problem. In numerous communication,
instrumentation, and control cable applications, small electrical
signals may be transmitted on the cable conductor and amplified at the
receiving end. Unwanted signals (noise) due to
inductive interference can beaslargeasthedesiredsignal. This can result
in false signals or audible noise that can effect voice communications.Across the entire frequency spectrum, it is necessary to separate disturbances into electric field effects and magnetic field effects.
Electric Fields
Electric field effects are those which are a function of the capacitive coupling or mutual capacitance between the circuits. Shielding can be effected by a continuous metal shield to isolate the disturbed circuit fiom the disturbing circuit.Even semiconducting extrusions or tapes supplemented by a grounded dmin wire can serve some shielding function for electric field effects.
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic field effects are the result of a magnetic field coupling between circuits. This is a bit more complex thanfor electrical effects.At relatively low frequencies, the energy emitted from the source is treated as radiation. This increases with the square of the frequency. This electromagnetic radiation can cause dislxrbancesat considerable distance and will penetrate any “openings” in the shielding. This can occur with braid shields or tapes that are not overlapped. The type of metal used in the shield also can effect the amount of disturbance.
Any metallic shield material, as opposed to magnetic metals, will provide some shield due to the eddy currents that are set up in the metallic shield by the impinging field. These eddy currents tend to neutralize the disturbing field. Non-metallic, semiconducting shielding is not effective for magnetic effects. In general, the most effective shielding is a complete steel conduit, but thisis not always practical.
The effectiveness of a shield is called the “shielding factor” and is given as:
SF = Induced voltage in shield circuit / Inducted voltage in unshielded circuit
Test circuits to measure the effectiveness of various shielding designs against electrical field effects and magnetic field effects have been reported by Gooding and Slade.
